German Expressionism Essay -- Essays Papers

German Expressionism German Expressionism is a sort of workmanship that should cause you to feel something. At the point when you take a gander at a work of art, for example, â€Å"The Scream† by Edvard Munch (1863-1944), you solicit yourself what kind from feelings does this canvas give you. A gathering of mid twentieth century German craftsmen utilized the term â€Å"expressionism† to desribe the manner in which they delivered workmanship. The title later transformed into â€Å"German Expressionism†. This workmanship development was noticeable during 1905-1925. In German it is known as â€Å"Die Brucke† and â€Å"Der Blaue Reiter†. In contrast to Impressionism, its objectives were not to replicate the impression by the encompassing scene, yet to communicate the specialists emotions on the encompassing scene. Expressionism originates from the course word â€Å"expression† which intends to make known or uncover or appear. The content b...

Mattel Responds to Ethical Challenges Essay Example for Free

Mattel Responds to Ethical Challenges Essay Mattel, Inc. is a worldwide pioneer in structuring and assembling toys and family items. Notable for brands, for example, Barbie, Fisher-Price, Disney, Hot Wheels, Matchbox, Tyco, Cabbage Patch Kids, and prepackaged games, the organization gloats almost $5.9 billion in yearly income. Headquartered in El Segundo, California, with workplaces over the world, Mattel markets its items in more than 150 countries. Everything began in a California carport workshop when Ruth and Elliot Handler and Matt Matson established Mattel in 1945. The organization began making picture outlines, however the originators before long perceived the gainfulness of the toy business and changed their accentuation to toys. Mattel turned into an openly possessed organization in 1960, with deals surpassing $100 million by 1965. Throughout the following forty years, Mattel proceeded to turn into the world’s biggest toy organization as far as income. Disregarding its general achievement, Mattel has had a lot of misfortunes over its history. During the mid to late 1990s, Mattel lost millions to declining deals and terrible business acquisitions. In January 1997, Jill Barad took over as Mattel’s CEO. Barad’s the executives style was described as exacting and her residency in charge demonstrated trying for some workers. While Barad had been effective in building the Barbie brand to $2 billion before the finish of the twentieth century, development eased back in the mid 21st. Declining deals at outlets, for example, Toys ‘R’ Us denoted the beginning of certain challenges for the retailer, obligations regarding which Barad acknowledged and surrendered in 2000. Robert Eckert supplanted Barad as CEO. Planning to make something happen, Eckert sold unfruitful units and cut many positions. In 2000, under Eckert, Mattel was conceded the profoundly looked for in the wake of authorizing understanding for items identified with the Harry Potter arrangement of books and films. The organization kept on thriving and assemble its notoriety, in any event, winning the Corporate Responsibility Award from UNICEF in 2003. Mattel discharged its first Annual Corporate Responsibility Report the next year. In 2011 Mattel was perceived as one of Fortune magazine’s 100 Best Companies to Work for the fourth continuous year. MATTEL’S CORE PRODUCTS BARBIE AND AMERICAN GIRL Among its numerous lines of well known toy items, Mattel is acclaimed for possessing top girls’ brands. In 1959, Mattel presented an item that would change its future everlastingly: the Barbie doll. One of the authors, Ruth Handler, had seen how her little girl cherished playing with paper pattern dolls. She chose to make a doll dependent on a grown-up instead of on an infant. Barbie took off to get one of Mattel’s basic product offerings and the main girls’ brand on the planet. Since her presentation, Mattel has sold more than 1 billion Barbie dolls in more than 150 nations. The Barbie line today This material was created by Debbie Thorne, John Fraedrich, O.C. Ferrell, and Jennifer Jackson, with the publication help of Jennifer Sawayda under the heading of O.C. Ferrell and Linda Ferrell. It is accommodated the Daniels Fund Ethics Initiative at the University of New Mexico and is expected for study hall conversation as opposed to represent compelling or insufficient treatment of authoritative, moral, or legitimate choices by the executives. Clients of this material are precluded from asserting this material as their own, messaging it to other people, or setting it on the Internet. If it's not too much trouble call O.C. Ferrell at 505-277-3468 for more data. (2011) Includes dolls, embellishments, Barbie programming, and an expansive grouping of authorized items, for example, books, attire, food, home decorations, home gadgets, and motion pictures. To enhance the Barbie line, in 1998 Mattel procured a well known more youthful sort of doll. Mattel declared it would pay $700 million to Pleasant Co. for its top of the line American Girl assortment. American Girl dolls are sold with books about their lives, which happen during significant times of US history. The American Girls brand incorporates a few book arrangement, frill, attire for dolls and young ladies, and a magazine that positions in the main ten American children’s magazines. HOT WHEELS Hot Wheels thundered into the toy world in 1968. Over thirty years after the fact, the brand is more smoking than any time in recent memory and incorporates top of the line collectibles, NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) and Formula One demonstrates for grown-ups, elite vehicles, track sets, and play sets for offspring everything being equal. The brand is associated with dashing circuits around the world. In excess of 15 million young men matured five to 15 are enthusiastic authorities, each claiming forty-one vehicles overall. Two Hot Wheels vehicles are sold each second of consistently. The brand started with vehicles intended to run on a track and has advanced into a â€Å"lifestyle† brand with authorized Hot Wheels shirts, tops, lunch boxes, rucksacks, and the sky is the limit from there. Together, Hot Wheels and Barbie produce 45 percent of Mattel’s income and 65 percent of its benefits. CABBAGE PATCH KIDS Since the presentation of mass-delivered Cabbage Patch Kids in 1982, in excess of 90 million dolls have been sold around the world. In 1994, Mattel took over selling these dearest dolls in the wake of buying creation rights from Hasbro. In 1996, Mattel made another line of Cabbage Patch doll, called Snacktime Kids, which was relied upon to meet with gigantic achievement. The Snacktime Kids had moving mouths that empowered kids to â€Å"feed† them plastic tidbits. Be that as it may, the item reverse discharges. The toy had no on/off switch and reports of childrenâ getting their fingers or hair trapped in the dolls’ mouths surfaced during the 1996 Christmas season. Mattel intentionally pulled the dolls from store retires by January 1997, and offered shoppers a money discount of $40 on brought dolls back. The U.S. Customer Product Safety Commission commended Mattel’s treatment of the Snacktime Kids circumstance. Mattel successfully dealt with a circumstance that co uld without much of a stretch have made terrible exposure or an emergency circumstance. Mattel quit creating Cabbage Patch Kids in 2000. MATTEL’S COMMITMENT TO ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Mattel’s center items and business condition make numerous moral issues. Since the company’s items are planned basically for youngsters, it must be touchy to social worries about children’s rights. It should likewise know that the universal condition regularly confounds business exchanges. Diverse legitimate frameworks and social assumptions regarding business can make moral clashes. At long last, the utilization of innovation may introduce moral difficulties, particularly in regards to customer protection. Mattel has perceived these potential issues and found a way to fortify its duty to business morals. The organization additionally indicates to stand firm on social obligation, empowering its representatives and customers to do likewise. Security AND MARKETING TECHNOLOGY One issue Mattel has attempted to address over and over is that of security and online innovation. Advances in innovation have made uncommon promoting issues for Mattel. The organization perceives that, since it markets to youngsters, it must speak with guardians in regards to its corporate promoting methodology. Mattel has found a way to illuminate the two kids and grown-ups about its way of thinking with respect to Internet-based showcasing devices, for example, the Hot Wheels site. This site contains a protracted online protection strategy, some portion of which is excerpted underneath: Mattel, Inc. what's more, its group of organizations (â€Å"Mattel†) are submitted toâ protecting your online protection when visiting a site worked by us. We don't gather and keep any close to home data online from you except if you volunteer it and you are 13 or more seasoned. We likewise don't gather and keep individual data online from kids younger than 13 without assent of a parent or lawful watchman, aside from in restricted conditions approved by law and depicted in this arrangement. By guaranteeing guardians that their children’s protection will be regarded, Mattel exhibits that it assumes its liability of advertising to youngsters genuinely. Desires For MATTEL’S BUSINESS PARTNERS Mattel, Inc. is likewise making a genuine pledge to business morals in its dealings with different ventures. In late 1997, the organization finished its first full morals review of every one of its assembling destinations just as the offices of its essential temporary workers. The review uncovered that the organization was not utilizing any youngster work or constrained work, an issue tormenting different abroad producers. Notwithstanding, a few contractual workers were seen as disregarding Mattel’s wellbeing and human rights gauges and were approached to change their activities or hazard losing Mattel’s business. The organization presently directs a free observing committee review in assembling offices at regular intervals. With an end goal to proceed with its solid record on human rights and related moral measures, Mattel established a set of principles entitled Global Manufacturing Principles in 1997. One of these standards requires all Mattel-possessed and contracted assembling offices to support colleagues focused on moral principles practically identical with those of Mattel. Different standards identify with security, wages, and adherence to nearby laws. Mattel’s reviews and resulting set of principles were structured as deterrent, not reformatory measures. The organization is committed to making and empowering dependable strategic approaches all through the world. 1 Mattel, Inc., Online Privacy Policy, http://www.hotwheels.com/protection strategy (got to August 23, 2011). Mattel additionally claims to be focused on its workforce. As one organization advisor noted, â€Å"Mattel is focused on improving the expertise level of laborers [so that they] will encounter expanded chances and productivity.† This announcement reflects Mattel’s worry for connections between and with em

Reasons Why You Should Consider Quitting Smoking

Reasons Why You Should Consider Quitting Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use Print Reasons Why You Should Consider Quitting Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on August 22, 2016 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on February 05, 2018 More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery When asked about the advantages of quitting tobacco, most smokers  will talk about the health benefits and perhaps money saved. There is no doubt that both have a significant impact on our lives after cigarettes, but there are more improvements coming  after  you stub out that last cigarette. Ask an ex-smoker about the benefits he or she has experienced since quitting. You might be surprised at what they have to say. Top 5 Things to Know About Why You Should Quit Smoking 1. The benefits far outweigh the work it takes to quit smoking.  The  sense of inner strength and belief in  our ability to accomplish challenging goals grows immeasurably. Quitting tobacco for most people represents an out of reach dream  weve carried with us for many years. Learning that we are indeed strong enough and  worthy a life free of addiction  opens doors long closed. Ex-smokers  often take on a sport they always wanted to do, change course in their careers, or  go back to school. Smoking cessation is a life-changer. Youll see. 2.  The odds are against you if you dont quit.  If you are a lifetime smoker, your risk of dying a tobacco-related death  is about 50 percent. Additionally, on average, lifetime smokers lose 10 years of life over those who dont smoke. 480,000 lives are lost to tobacco in the United States every year, and six  million die of tobacco-related deaths worldwide annually. However, if you quit smoking before your 40th birthday,  youll reduce  your risk of dying from a smoking-related disease by 90 percent. 3. Fewer people are smoking today in the U.S. than ever before. In 2005, 21 out of every 100 people over the age of 18 (20.9 percent) smoked in the United States. By 2014, that number  had dropped to 17 per 100 adults (16.8 percent/40 million smokers), and continues to go down. We can thank aggressive anti-smoking legislation and campaigns for nudging American smokers  in the right direction. Theyve educated us about the hazards associated with tobacco use, but in countries without this advantage, smoking rates are much higher. There are one billion smokers around the world today. Eighty percent of them live in low and middle income countries. 4. Quitting smoking isnt as hard as you think. Yes, it takes work and yes, it takes some time. That said, the hard part happens early on, and with some education about whats ahead and the support to get through it, youll be pleasantly surprised that recovery from nicotine addiction is doable and a finite task. You wont always miss smoking. 5. Every smoker is  afraid to quit smoking.  Nicotine addiction  compels us to continue smoking long after we want  to stop. We think about quitting daily, but then the fear of letting go sets in and we put it off.   The fact is, no matter when you quit, youll feel that fear every smoker is familiar with. Push through it and move forward. Your anxiety will dissipate with a little time invested in smoking cessation. Important Facts About Tobacco Use When thinking about quitting, it helps to consider some of the key facts about how tobacco affects the lives of smokers. Tobacco use  is the leading cause of preventable death. If smoking rates continue as they are now, an  estimated eight  million lives around the world will be lost to tobacco use annually by 2030.For every person who dies a smoking-related death, 30 or more people  are living with a smoking-related disease.The most common smoking-related causes  of death for smokers are heart disease, COPD, stroke, and cancer.  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, claiming 1.4 million souls each year. Approximately 80 percent of them are caused by smoking.Similarly, 80 percent of COPD deaths are smoking-related.Light smokers (those who smoke 10 or less cigarettes a day) reduce their life expectancy by about five  years and increase their risk of lung cancer by 20 times compared to people who have never smoked.  Those who smoke just one to four cigarettes  a day still have a risk of developing lung cancer thats five times greater than never-smokers. Getting Started With Smoking Cessation Think about why you want to quit smoking, and commit those reasons to paper and to memory. Start with the big, obvious reasons, and keep going until youve listed all of the little ones, too. Smoking touches so many parts of our lives. Look at how it has affected yours in detail. Learn  what smoking cessation involves. Most smokers think quitting should be a relatively straightforward (and quick) task. Those who have one or more quit attempts under their belts know thats not true, but its easy to  get stuck in thinking well always be miserable without cigarettes. Knowledge put into action is power.   Stay in the present moment. Sounds  simple, but it isnt for most of us. We live our lives looking back or ahead, ignoring the day were experiencing right now. You will be able to cope with the ups and downs of recovery from nicotine addiction more easily if you develop the ability to shut down thoughts of missing smoking (looking back) or the fear of never smoking again (looking ahead). Keep it simple and deal with the day you have in front of you. Its where your power to change exists. Recovery is a gradual process. Make each day count.  Thats all you can do, and guess what? Its enough. A Word From Verywell You might think you love smoking, but the truth is more about addiction than it is about a fondness for cigarettes. That edgy feeling  when the nicotine in our blood needs replenishing is at the root of what we think of as smoking pleasure. And, over time, we learn to connect  smoking with most of the daily activities and events in our lives until we come to believe that  cigarettes help us cope with just about everything. Change the faulty programming  cigarettes forced on you and  build the smoke-free life youve been dreaming of. Its worth the work and will reward you with benefits you have yet to discover.

Alive An Observation Of Small Group Communication

Alive: An Observation of Small Group Communication On October 13, 1972, flight 571 crashed in the Andes carrying a rugby team along with its family and friends. Out of the 45 passengers and crew members, there was a total of 29 fatalities. Over the course of 72 days, people either died due to weather, injury or an avalanche leaving only 16 survivors. This group of people had to turn to desperate measures including cannibalism in order to survive. Their will to survive and strength to motivate each other is one many conclude as a miracle. How one may ask a group of people survived in the Andes for 72 days? The answer is communication. The film Alive (1993) directed by Frank Marshall recalls the events that happened on those mountains in 1972. In this event, the goal was to survive no matter what it takes. Through group communication, group development, and leadership, we can further observe that this small group successfully achieved their goal. Group Communication Group communication, according to Engleberg, â€Å"is the interaction of three or more interdependent members working to achieve a common goal† (pg. 3). In this film, the remaining 16 survivors worked together to achieve a common goal; survival. Working towards a goal is no easy task. A group consists of components, which make it necessary to function. These components include: members, goals, work, interaction, and interdependence. Members and interaction go hand in hand. The more the members, the more theShow MoreRelatedApproaches to Environment Education1570 Words   |  7 Pagesareharmfulto the environment and other living creatures while only a small number of changes are beneficial to the environment. Once any changes in the environment ismade it cannot be undone. Hence mankind needs to take proper care and make sure that a change does not adversely affect the environment which in turn will have serious adverse effect on human beings.Many governmen t agencies, educational institutions, andcommunity and industry groups are putting a great deal of effort intodeveloping and implementingRead MoreThe Problem Of Cloud Computing1689 Words   |  7 Pagesmigration which requires high data volume and higher allocation of the resources. Resource Central is a large-scale example of implementation of the machine learning which produces, stores and uses the predictions. These prediction models are kept small enough, so they can run optimally on the client machine allowing for offline predictions. This model when applied on Azure’s VM scheduler which selects a new physical server for each VM needed. Using the predictions, the VM schedulers server selectionRead MoreEssay about Sexism in American Culture 1224 Words   |  5 Pagesmust shift their culture to impede sexism because it oppresses women. Media, one of the most influential reflections of culture, under represents women and displays them in stereotypical positions. Paula Lobo and Rosa Cabecinhas, Professors of Communication at University of Minho, highlight sex-discrimination within the media in their article â€Å"The Negotiation of Meanings in the Evening News†. Women hold only 21 percent of subject in the news, which depicts them as passive, sentimental, victims, andRead MoreImpact of Ict on Accounting Practice in Nigeria1663 Words   |  7 Pagesthe inception of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), the accountants of an organization were using a socially acceptable behavioural method of reporting accounting and economic reports, carried out during accounting year ends, the preparation of accounting records, book such as the profit and loss account, the balance sheet, cash book, cash flow statement, income and expenditure accounts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), on accounting practiceRead MorePttils Assignment 1 Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pagesnon-academic entry requirements which include scholastic activity, community activity, general activity/interests and work shadowing/observation experience. The student also has to have an interview before being accepted onto the course. 1.2 Evaluate the effectiveness of approaches to learning and teaching in own specialist area in meeting needs of learners When meeting a group of new students it is important to find out each student’s particular learning style, this is so I can meet the learningRead MoreBra Boys - a Documentary Case Study1696 Words   |  7 Pagesreinforce or criticise dominant representations of groups in society. Discuss in relation to a documentary you have studied. Images are a complex communication tool – the intention of the creator and the interpretation of the viewer may not be harmonizing. While Bra Boys seeks to criticise their infamous reputation as an anti-social and law-breaking gang, the construction of the documentary has reinforced that dominant representation of the surf group. Sunny Abberton’s documentary of dissent, Bra BoysRead MoreExample Of Observation Report1843 Words   |  8 PagesObservation-is a great fundamental assessment that will allow us to gain information about general strengths and weaknesses of this learner. Robert M. is one of the 10 gifted and talented students in this particular 4th grade class (Data resource – acceptance to gifted and talented program letter, personal file). Observation of Robert’s skills during the class work time (data resource – personal notes): - High performance capabilities in the ELA, Math, Science, and Social Studies areas; - IntellectualRead MoreThe Healing Power Of Music1612 Words   |  7 Pagesmusic therapy twice a week for a total of 16 sessions. In this particular study, they found that the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was not notably changed, but language improved remarkably. It also showed a decline in the Multidimensional Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects (MOSES) in addition to a decrease in CgA levels (Suzuki et al., 2004, pp. 13-15). Subsequently, in 2006, Sung, Chang, Abbey performed a study playing preferred music for 30 minutes in the afternoon, twice a week,Read MoreAustralian Culture : Australia, Australian Icon, Sport, Politics, And Culture Of Australia1595 Words   |  7 Pagescurriculum and ancient history of Australia. This document is intended to give a brief review on these selected topics from an Australian point of view. Exercise 1: Australian Indigenous Culture: Indigenous Australia is not just one particular group. Islanders and aboriginals altogether have different thoughts, beliefs and ideas. The culture is a blend of contemporary and traditional belief and practices. These culture overlaps and evolved over time. Eg Rainbow Serpent.These aboriginals and IslandersRead MoreSusan Sontag s The Jews During The Holocaust2750 Words   |  11 Pagesoccurred, and Jews fought back against the Nazi regime not to simply survive, but keep their dignity, spirituality, hope, culture, and ideological beliefs alive. Many Jews knew that resistance would not be a force strong enough to stop the Nazi regime, but it would be a force strong enough to raise spirits in the ghetto, keep their culture alive, and preserve their legacy. From 1941 to 1943, Jews created underground resistance movements in about 100 ghettos throughout Nazi occupied territory. Despite

Durkheim Is Dead! Macro vs. Micro Beliefs Essay - 766 Words

I have grouped the sociologists in Durkheim is Dead into three groups: macro to micro, micro and macro, and micro to macro. I did not place any one of the individuals into just the macro or just the micro categories. Each one fell into a group that I considered to be in-between. In the macro to micro category, each sociological theory concentrated on one major problem of society and then went on to explain what would have to be done within individuals in order to achieve social progress. Durkheims focus was upon the division of labor being the primary cause of social problems (Berger 123). For Du Bois, the concentration was on racial issues; I have faith in the power of freedom and democracy to lead these peoples to†¦show more content†¦Lenin was very close to the Webbs and they all shared similar theories. These people were more politically minded. Similar to Durkheims ideas of collective consciousness, Lenin believed that the ideas of the ruling class became the ideas of the masses (Berger 111). Lenin focused on societal groups and how the individual is stuck within their class. He believed that the working class was being exploited and that society must work towards eliminating this confusion of who should be in charge by forcing the wo rking class to prevail. B. Webb felt there was a relationship between crime poverty. She focused on politics as being the reason for poverty. She said, One must remedy the political order to help poor people.... It was the structure of society that was at fault, not the individual (Berger 130). The next category, macro and micro, was a group in and of itself. Only one sociologist fell into this division. The theories that defined this category oscillated between the effects of society on the individual and visa versa, the effect the individual on society. Simmel blatantly says, My view is somewhere in the middle (Berger 94). Simmels studies were often those of ordinary things people do in the daily routine of life. He was interested in sociation and how individuals reacted to and interacted with other individuals. He saw theseShow MoreRelatedTracing Theoretical Approaches to Crime and Social Control: from Functionalism to Postmodernism16559 Words   |  67 Pagesbehavior and construct innovative rational explanations of crime, individuals are still reluctant to presume the notion that criminal behavior cannot be explained without blaming the individual who engages in the criminal activity. The notion and belief that the individual criminal is the dilemma within capitalist social order is made to appear realistic by a variety of manipulative tactics, whether intentional or not. Brian Wyant‘s article in the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency (2008)Read MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesdifferent beliefs were executed as criminals. 85% of people who were killed for witchcraft were women. It was considered as the women holocaust. The witch craze involved the destruction of life with endured for thousands of years. Pagans lived on a particular part of the land, had ceremonies, traditions, goddesses that were appropriate to God. They were part of life traditions (crops grow, help animals, relationship of moon, sun, planets). With the arrival of Christianity beliefs, churchesRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesTable 9.1 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 10.1 Table 10.2 Knowledge constituting philosophical assumptions Hierarchy of science and organization theory Fatalism and optimism in the ‘new’ modernist organization Bell’s stages of societal development Fordism vs. post-fordism The incidence of part-time work in European Union member states Modernism versus postmodernism Affirmative versus sceptical postmodernism The changing condition of knowledge Pay and profits: Long run performance of FTSE 100 companies (2002

Why was the tsar overthrown Free Essays

Was It the work of revolutionaries Like Lenin and Trotsky? Certainly not – they were mostly either in prison or in exile. Lenin had said in 191 6 that he feared he would not live to see a revolution in Russia! Was it the War? The war certainly had a serious impact on all aspects of Russian society. Defeats undermined the army, and economic problems alienated much of the population. We will write a custom essay sample on Why was the tsar overthrown? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lack of food and fuel in the cruel winter of 1916-1917 certainly caused many strikes, unrest and disruption. Inflation meant people’s savings were being eroded. War production meant fewer consumer goods. Manipulation limited food production. Transport difficulties made things worse. Certainly the war had a major part to play In the revolution of February 1917. Or did the War merely hasten things that were already happening in Russia? Peasant unrest because of land shortages, worker unrest because of low wages, long hours, poor living conditions were long-standing issues. The middle-class and some nobles wanted political reform, as we have already seen. Revolutionaries had been active In Russia for many years, even assassinating the Tsar in 1881. Did the War help to make these pressures too much for Tsarist to bear? Perhaps the War hindered revolution? In 1914 most of the country rallied behind Nicholas II In a great surge of patriotism. Food production increased in. Perhaps without the war there might have been a revolution in Russia sooner? Was it Nicholas II himself? What part did he play in his overthrow? He was a weak and indecisive leader – not what you want in an autocrat. He found It hard to decide what was best to do. He relied heavily on his wife and family for support. He did the honorable thing and went to lead his armies in a horrible war. He desperately wanted to retain the autocracy. He tried hard to change Russia, to make it stronger and more powerful, but was not prepared to accept political change. How to cite Why was the tsar overthrown?, Papers

The Economic Environment of Business Essay Example

The Economic Environment of Business Essay It concerns of Business a) Allocation of society scarce resources among alternative uses the distribution of collects output among Individuals groups at a point In time. B) The way In which allocation dilutions change over time. C) The efficiencies Inefficiencies of economic systems. Since the real world is so complex, when economists face a problem, where they have to make a decision, they first start by making simplifying assumptions where they build a model much simpler than the real world. If the model was done properly, then it should predict how the real world will behave. A basic assumption in economics, is that economic players behave rationally. It means that once theyve selected their objectives, they will try to achieve them in a rational way. Therefore individuals believe in is utility minimization, which refers to any objective that leads to satisfaction of the economic player. Thus paying to charity may lead to utility minimization. What Is managerial economics? Managerial Economics Is a marriage of economics decision sciences In order to solve complex business problems. This applies for both private firms public institutions. According to Keats Young It Is the use of economic analysis to make equines decisions involving the best use of an organizations scarce resources. It brings together economic concepts tools, financial analysis, strategic planning, the techniques of the decision sciences. We will write a custom essay sample on The Economic Environment of Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Economic Environment of Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Economic Environment of Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Examples of questions that managerial economists are concerned with: a) In the private sector: What will be produced? How to produce it? What is the level of production? How much to charge for it? B) In the public sector: What projects should we implement (e. G. Infrastructure)? Should we impose a tax? How to prioritize our budgetary spending? Goals of the firm an economists perspective: The firm In economic theory is expected to want to maximize profits (of course subject to constraints). This Is known as the profit minimization hypothesis. How Economists Define? Resources (factors of production): a) Land (land, forests, minerals, etc) b) Labor (physical + mental) c) Capital (tools, machinery, factories) Production: the act of making commodities (goods and services) Goods: a) Tangible e. G. Cars, chairs b) Services: Intangible e. G. Education, health care Efficiency of production: maximizing output using a given amount of resources Or maligning resources used to achieve a given amount of output. Efficiency of distribution: the economys output is said to be efficiently distributed if no one could Effectiveness: the extent to which an intervention does what it is intended to do Firm: A firm is an organization which takes resources transforms them into products (goods services) that are demanded by consumers. Industry: A group of firms that sells a well-defined product or closely related set of products. Market: An area over which buyers sellers negotiate the exchange of a well-defined commodity. N. B. : Not necessarily physical, for example the NASDAQ stock exchange is an electronic arrest. Revenue Profit:Revenue refers to all the proceeds (money) that a firm gains from selling its product or service. It depends on the quantity of units it sells and the price of each unit. Revenue = no. Of units sold X price of unit The difference between the revenue a firm receives and the costs of production it incurs is the profit. Micro vs.. Macro Economics a) Macro economics: the study of the determination of economic aggregates averages, such as total output, total employment, the general price level rate of economic growth. ) Micro economics: deals with firms, markets or sectors of the economy rather than aggregates. It studies the allocation of resources and the distribution of income as they are affected by the workings of the price system by the policies of the authorities. Command vs.. Market Economies a) Command economy: an economy in which the planning decisions of central authorities (as distinct from households firms) exert the major influence over the allocation of resources the distribution of income. ) Market economy: refers too society in which people specialize in productive activities meet most of their material wants through exchanges voluntarily agreed upon by the contracting arties. Decisions made by firms households depends on market signals as prices profits. Demand Supply Definition of Demand: It is the willingness ability to pay for a good Definition of Quantity demanded is the entire relationship between the quantity of a commodity that buyers wish to purchase per period of time the price of that commodity, other things equal. The demand relationship can be presented verbally [aforementioned], graphically or mathematically Graphically: A basic hypothesis is that the lower the price of a commodity, the larger the quantity that will be demanded, other things being equal. Notice that quantity demanded is a desired quantity. It is how much households wish to purchase, not necessarily how much they actually succeed in purchasing. Notice also that quantity demanded is a flow, that is it has a time dimension. Determinants of Demand: a) The price of the good b) The price of substitute goods c) The price of complementary goods d) Households income wealth (when dealing with market demand we should consider income distribution) e) Tastes and preferences f) Future expectations g) Sociological demographic factors e. G. Number of buyers, number of children, lace of residence What happens to the demand curve if there is a change in any of the factors that determine demand? Changes in price 0 movements along the demand curve. Changes in other determinants 0 shift in the demand curve 1- Changes in Household Income: If households receive more income, they can be expected to purchase more of most goods even though prices remain unchanged. Normal Goods Inferior Goods. A commodity whose demand increases when income increases is called a normal good (majority of goods). A commodity whose demand decreases when income increases is called an inferior good. 2- Changes in Other Prices: Commodities that can be used in place of each other (I. E. Substitute each other) are called substitutes. Where as commodities that tend to be used Jointly with each other are called complements. 3- Change in tastes 4- Change in sociological factors Use the correct terminology: Change in demand = shift in the whole demand curve Change in quantity demand = movement along a demand curve Definition of Quantity Supplied: It is the entire relationship between the quantity of a commodity that firms are able and willing to offer for sale per period of time and the price of that commodity, other eke demand it is a flow, that is, it has time dimension. The supply relationship can be presented verbally [aforementioned], graphically or mathematically All other things equal, the quantity of any commodity that firms will produce offer for sale is positively related to the commodity own price, rising when price rises falling when price falls. Note: We will discuss in a later presentation why the firms supply curve looks the way it is, so we will take its shape as given for the time being. The shape of the market supply curve depends on the market structure (the number of suppliers n the market), again this will be studied in some detail later, so we will take the shape of the market supply curve (in the previous slide) as given. Mathematically via the supply schedule or demand function: Determinants of Supply a) The price of the commodity b) The prices of factors of production c) The goals of producing firms d) Future expectations e) Weather conditions f) The state of technology g) For the market supply curve: imports, number of sellers What happens to the supply curve if there is a change in any of the factors that determine supply? Changes in price 0 movements along the . Changes in determinants 0 shift in the supply curve. Apply curve Change in supply = shift in the whole supply curve Change in quantity supplied = movement along a supply curve The Determination of Price So far, demand and supply have been considered separately. How do they interact to determine price in a competitive market? Point E represents the equilibrium price quantity The Laws of Demand Supply Elasticity Assume that the supply of a certain commodity increases, we know from the previous lecture that price will fall and quantity con sumed will increase. But! Will these changes be large or small? The Effect of the Shape of the Demand Curve The Responsiveness of Demand to Price The degree to which quantity demanded responds to changes in the commodity own price is called the responsiveness of demand. Price Elasticity of Demand Price elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of demand to price change. It is defined as: The percentage (proportionate) change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage (proportionate) change in price that brought it about. It is usually symbolized by the Greek letter eat: 0 a) If quantity changes, but the percentage change in quantity is less than the regenerate change in price 0 elasticity 1 0 demand is ELASTIC. N.B.: Elasticity may vary along the same demand curve depending on the shape of the curve. ) Perfectly elastic (completely elastic) demand curve is the last case. Where elasticity is infinitely large, there exists some small price reduction that will raise demand from ere to infinity. Above the critical price, consumers will buy nothing. At the critical price, they will buy all that they can obtain. Completely Elastic Demand Curve 0 = Relation between Elasticity Revenue In case of elastic goods, an increase in price leads too larger reduction in quantity consumed, thus causing revenue to decline (since revenue is quantity multiplied by price). In case of inelastic goods, an increase in price still leads too reduction in quantity consumed, but the percentage change in quantity is less than the percentage change in price, thus causing revenue to increase. Price elasticity of emend will help us to answer important policy questions. Examples: 1 . What will happen to revenue as price changes? 2. What will happen to consumption of cigarettes if the tax increases? What determines elasticity? The main determinant of elasticity is the availability of substitutes whether the commodity is a necessity. A commodity with no close substitutes tends to have an inelastic demand. Also, what proportion of income is spent on the good, is it a durable product, can purchases be postponed, Also, time factor has a role in determining elasticity. Because it takes time to develop satisfactory substitutes, emend that is inelastic in the short run may prove elastic in the long run. A good example is the change in elasticity when oil prices increased in 1974-75. The concept of demand elasticity can be broadened to measure the response to change in any of the factors that influence demand, not only price. Elasticity of Supply Elasticity of supply measures the response of quantity supplied to changes in any of the factors that influence it. Price elasticity of supply is the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price that brought it about. Market Structure The profitability of a firm depends on a number of factors. It is not only the number/ size of sellers in the market that matters but also the nature of the product, the nature and number of purchasers of the product, the ease of entering and leaving the market and a multitude of other factors. To reduce these characteristics to manageable proportions, economists have focused on few theoretical market structures that explain what we encounter in real life: a) Perfect competition b) Monopoly c) Monopolistic competition d) Oligopoly Before delving into specific market structures, we have to remember that to maximize refits we have to consider two variables at the same time: Cost and Revenue. The profit maximizing level (or range) of output will depend on the interaction of the two variables. Level of Competition in the Market There are a number of key determinants of the level of competition. ) Product differentiation: Products may be differentiated in a number of ways. They may actually be physically different, performing different tasks; alternatively, they may have cosmetic differences perform the same task, but the small differences in style, shape, color, etc. Enable consumers to differentiate between them. In some cases the products may have no differences at all, how ever, they can be differentiated as a result of the different images that are generated in the course of promoting them. ) Substitutability of the goods produced by different firms (or the potential for substitution). C) Production scale is an important determinant. If substantial economies of scale exist, then efficient plant must be of an appropriately large size; thus, it is impractical to expect a large number of firms to exist because the available market is not large enough. D) Another hindrance to competition in an industry is he existence of barriers to entry barriers to exit. Perfect Competition [Firms without Market Power] Assumptions of Perfect Competition a) Price taking firms (I. . Has no market power) c) No barriers to entry or exit from the market d) No government intervention e) The product must be identical f) Perfect information on market conditions prices by both buyers sellers g)Profit maximizing firms h) The market clears so that all goods produced are sold I ) u shaped short run average marginal cost curves j) The firms demand curve is perfectly elastic (horizontal) P = AR = MR. What level of output would a profit maximizing firm choose in a perfectly competitive market? The firm faces two questions: First: should the firm produce or not in the short run (since the firm always has the option to produce nothing)? In the short run, a firm should produce if and only if average revenue is not less than average variable cost. Second: if the firm decides to produce, what should the level of production be? For a firm to maximize profits, the output should be the one at which marginal revenue (MR.) equals marginal cost (MAC), and the MAC curve cuts the MR. line from below. The firm will keep increasing output so long as it can add more to revenue than it adds to cost. When the firm has chosen its optimum output, it is in equilibrium because it has no incentive to alter its behavior in the short run. Supply Curve of the Firm Remember? The supply curve shows the relation between quantity supplied market price. In the last few slides we agreed that: For prices below PVC, the firm will supply zero units For prices above PVC the firm will equate price and marginal cost Concluding Remarks a) In perfect competition it is difficult for a firm to make high profits, the entry of new rims will eventually ensure that all economic profit is eliminated by the lowering of price. ) Although in theory, economic profits should be equal to zero, in reality, excess profits can still be earned in competitive industries. This happens if the industry is in a disequilibrium position, or if the firm can earn economic rent derived form a unique advantage. Monopoly [Firms with total Market Power] Monopoly markets consist of one supplier who has total control over the price I. E. , the monopolist is a price maker exercises considerable market power. The strategy in monopoly scenario typically involves the maintenance of the monopoly advantage. That is, the creation maintenance of barriers to entry to other firms fending off attempts by government to interfere with the monopoly market outcome. A monopoly exists when only one firm supplies a unique product, with no substitutes, to a market in which entry by other firms is prohibited and the dissemination of market information is poor. Unlike the perfectly competitive firm, the monopolist will be confronted by a downward sloping demand curve for its product which is also the industry demand curve. Since a monopolist must generally lower its price to all selling one additional unit of output must necessarily be less than the price for which the unit is sold (because there will be a reduction in revenue from the previous sales level resulting from the price fall). Since the change in revenue as a result of changing sales by one unit is marginal revenue, the marginal revenue curve of the monopolist is shown as declining more rapidly than its demand curve. The rule for finding the profit maximizing level of output remains unaltered (equating MAC and MR.). Price however is determined by the market demand curve. The problem for the monopolist is that unless it is sanctioned by the government it is likely to be the subject of government anti-monopoly legislation. Poor management or inability to compete with new competitors in a global market place can also be factors. The demise of the British automobile industry is an interesting example, where all major British manufacturers progressively exited the industry during the second half of the 20th century. Pricing in a Monopoly We have already seen that monopolists should attempt to set MR. = MAC. However, in doing so, they may also be able to take advantage of the fact that they can discriminate between groups of customers, in a way that would be more difficult for a non-monopolist to do, in order to increase their profits further. In the following slides we will see how monopolists can further exploit their market position in deriving more than fair profits in the market place. A)Price Discrimination Price discrimination is often a means by which profits from sales can be substantially increased. First-degree price discrimination is said to exist when a firm s able to sell each unit at a different price as indicated by the price on the product demand curve at which the particular unit falls. Such price discrimination is rare. Second-degree price discrimination occurs when prices are set on the basis of quantities purchased. This is a common way of discriminating between wholesale retail customers. The most common form of price discrimination is third-degree price discrimination. This occurs when suppliers are able to divide their markets up into segments and charge a different price to each segment, equating MR. = MAC in each of the sub-markets. By discriminating in the price charged according to the relative elasticity of demand in each market the firm can increase its total profits. B) Two-Part Tariffs Increasingly, consumers are exposed to two-part tariffs?particularly from public utilities for the supply of electricity, water, gas, etc. The two-part tariff involves the charge off fee for the right to buy a product plus a usage fee for each unit of the product purchased. Clearly, firms that implement two-part tariff regimes will have some monopoly over the market. A firm using this approach must determine both the bevel of the initial fee and the per unit usage cost. Monopolistic Competition [Where competition is almost perfect, but not quite] Monopolistic competition is perhaps most similar to perfect competition except that the firm is faced with a downward a unapologetically competitive scenario is typically exemplified by attempts by a firm to differentiate its product from those of its competitors. Although there exists many firms in the industry, consumers perceive some differences in the products of each firm. Thus, rather than having one demand curve for the product of the industry, here is a multitude of demand curves one for each firm. Thus, each firm is confronted by its individual, downward sloping demand curve. The extent to which an individual firms demand curve slopes down is determined by the level of product differentiation that it has been able to attain. The more differentiated the product, the steeper the demand curve. The unapologetically competitive firm behaves Just as the monopolist would. It equates MR. with MAC and chooses that price and output level which maximizes profits. However, this is not monopoly and in the long run, such a situation cannot be sustained. Oligopoly [Where firms tend to compete on anything but price] Oligopoly, where only a few large firms producing a unique product (such as petroleum) exist, is a quite common form of market structure non-price forms of market competition conducted by oligopolies can often be extremely aggressive. Entry to exit from the industry is generally prohibited very little market sensitive information is available buyers are largely kept uninformed. Oligopolies firms would prefer to operate in some form of cartel arrangement, in which they would all agree to operate in a manner similar to that of a monopoly. Such behavior is illegal in most countries. Two models are commonly presented in an attempt to explain the behavior of oligopolies. The first is a model of price leadership. The second is the model of the kinked demand curve. Apart from the theories, there are a number of possibilities that can exist in an oligopolies market: Oligopoly Possibilities 1. Collusion or tacit collusion (cartels). 2. One firm (price leader) behaves like a monopolist in his share of the market, other firms follow the price leaders prices closely. Under such circumstances, if the price deader tries to change his prices, he cannot benefit much from such change! If he raises prices, other firms may not follow him he loses market share; if he lowers prices the competition also reduces pieces. Thus competition is always on aspects other than the price. 3. Fierce price competition, where all of them loose their supernormal profits. Cartels A cartel is created when a few firms agree to collude on prices to derive the benefits of a monopolist. Whilst the establishment of a cartel results in the product being marketed under monopoly-like conditions, it pays off if one firm decides to heat the cartel agreement. In this case, the firm by reducing price below the agreed on price, can acquire a larger market share increase its profits. This triggers retaliation from the remaining cartel members, which makes cartels quite unstable. Game Theory In an oligopolies market, decision makers have no clear theoretic background that helps them in setting their direction, or guides them as how the competition will react to any change in price. Game theory may help the decision maker in selecting a strategy by attempting to estimate the pay off for each strategy. This